Tag: book-reviews

What Is Dystopian Fiction? & How Do I Write It?

by Richard Young

Dystopian fiction is an increasingly popular genre, even though it depicts all the worst places ever! We tell you all about the genre and give some hints on how to write Dystopian stories.

What Is Dystopian Fiction?

Basically, Dystopian fiction talks about an author’s idea of hell on Earth. As a genre, it’s as old as humanity. Dystopian fiction is often considered the ugly twin of Utopian fiction. So, let’s take a brief look at this.

As a genre, Utopian fiction existed first. It takes its name from Thomas More’s novel Utopia (1516). ‘Utopia’ sounds very much like the Greek ‘eutopia,’ meaning ‘good place.’ In his book, More describes an ideal society on a secluded island, where humanity can live happily ever after. As a literary genre, Utopian fiction has its own characteristics.

You can read up on this in this blog: What Is A Utopia? How Do I Write One?

Now, back to the Dystopian fiction. The Greek prefix ‘dys-‘ means ‘bad, diseased, abnormal, difficult.’ That already tells you that Dystopia is the ‘bad place.’ Dystopian fiction describes a world much worse than our own. In these stories, people live in a dangerous, oppressive, and unfair place. Let’s look at some more characteristics.

1. The Mission.

This is the most important element. Dystopian stories are all geared at showing us what could happen in the future if the current society continues on its path. It’s a call to action to stop in our tracks and to change our course. If not, we’ll go to that fictional hell described by the author.

The mission can be about our society as such (like ‘The Hunger Games’, depicting totalitarianism and media manipulation), or about a smaller aspect (climate change, for example, or the outbreak of a virus).

2. Distance to the Reader’s Present

Dystopian stories need to be set apart from our present reality. This distance lets us accept the message of the story. Without it, readers would take the criticism personally and ultimately dismiss it.

The author can create this distance by time (science fiction or historical fiction), by place (inventing a new city or even another planet), or by manner. 

Distance by manner can involve fantasy, but full-blown fantasy creates too much distance. The readers would no longer transfer the Dystopian warning to their own reality. This would ruin the story’s mission.

A smart way to create distance by manner is to create an alternative history starting at a specific event in the past.

The TV show ‘The Man In The High Castle’ works like this. The alternative historical timeline starts with a different outcome of the Second World War. The story explores how the world would have been under Nazi rule. This parallel universe seems uncanny because it is so similar to our own world and yet so strikingly different.

3. Setting

The author must be meticulous about worldbuilding. Even if the Dystopian story is mostly set in our own day and age, the rules and laws of that Dystopian society need to differ from our own, and yet still form a consistent system. Inconsistency makes the story lose its magic.

4. The Guide Character

Both Utopian and Dystopian stories require a character who guides the readers into the world of the story. It is through these characters that we explore the set of rules of this new world.

Utopian novels have a strong connection to our own world. Usually, there’s a character visiting the Utopian world first, and then telling the story when back home. The guide character here is usually a witness.

A Dystopian story may have that (but doesn’t have to). Usually, it’s the main character (MC) who serves as the reader’s guide. Readers need to be able to identify with the MC, as this character either experiences or witnesses the rebellion against the oppressive system.

Central Themes Of Dystopian Fiction

Most Dystopian stories have certain themes in common. Here are a few:

1. Control/oppression

There’s always a dictator or an elitist group in charge. They control society through government, bureaucracy, and/or technology. The spectrum of control can range from mere surveillance to psychological and even physical control (birth control, or mind control through implants, for example). 

2. Loss of individualism to a collective ideology

This ties in with the general totalitarian feel of most dystopias. It’s the logical consequence of the complex set of rules of oppression.

3. Hostile environment

If the environment threatens the existence of the Dystopian society, then people have nowhere to escape. This is another form of control, serving as an excuse to herd people together in confined spaces.

4. A scapegoat

A scapegoat, a universal threat, or a common enemy all serve to unite the people. It camouflages the motives of the oppressive government. It makes it easier to control the people.

5. Survival

The need for survival is how the oppressive government justifies its control. However, this is also the reason for the MC’s rebellion, as the MC needs to fight for the survival of the individual.

Let’s Write Dystopian Fiction

If you’d like to try writing in this genre, here’s a word of warning. There’s no dabbling. There’s no pantsing. As a writer, you need to plot meticulously.

Here’s your action plan:

  1. Decide what aspect of modern society aggravates you the most. This will serve as the mission of your story. Amplify and exaggerate as much as you can.
  2. Decide on how you can employ the element of distance in your dystopia (distance by time? By place? By manner?). Build your world. Make sure it is consistent.
  3. Devise a protagonist. How can your MC’s experiences show the rules of this new world to the reader? Beware of too much telling.
  4. How does your MC get into conflict with your dystopian world? Is there an area where your MC doesn’t feel at home? This is where the MC’s rebellion will start.
  5. What’s the MC’s inner motivation? What are the MC’s strengths that might help win the conflict?
  6. Will the MC win? Or lose? What does the MC’s rebellion do to change the dystopian world?

The Last Word

Dystopian fiction is a genre popular with authors and readers alike. It doesn’t have to include outright violence, and it doesn’t have to end up in chaos. But it’s a great way to show the troubles and conflicts of our present day. What do you think could be done about it all?  Have a go and write your own Dystopian fiction!

Further Reading

Here are some classics of this genre:

  1. Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’s Travels (1726)
  2. H.G. Wells, The Time Machine (1895)
  3. Aldous Huxley, Brave New World (1932)
  4. George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949)
  5. William Golding, Lord Of The Flies (1954)
  6. Lois Lowry, The Giver (1993)
  7. Suzanne Collins, The Hunger Games (series, starting in 2008)
  8. Ernest Cline, Ready Player One (2011)

Please check out Wikipedia’s list of Dystopian fiction.

Susanne Bennett

By Susanne Bennett. Susanne is a German-American writer who is a journalist by trade and a writer by heart. After years of working at German public radio and an online news portal, she has decided to accept challenges by Deadlines for Writers. Currently she is writing her first novel with them. She is known for overweight purses and carrying a novel everywhere. Follow her on Facebook.

How To Use Contrast In Writing

by Richard Young

What is contrast in writing? We explore how to use contrast in writing with 7 different types of contrast (with examples) that you can use in your writing.

What Is Contrast In Writing?

Contrast in writing can be used as a literary device to compare. It is commonly used in many works of fiction. It is ‘the state of being strikingly different from something else in juxtaposition or close association.’ (Source: Oxford Dictionary) Basically, it means comparing two things to show the differences between them.

How To Use Contrast In Writing

Back in the day, when cowboy shows were popular on afternoon television, it was easy to see who the good guys were – white hats, and who were the baddies – black hats. That kind of contrast is way too on the nose. It was then. It certainly is now. When it comes to storytelling, there a number of different ways in which you can use contrast. We’re going to look at seven of them – with examples.

1. Juxtaposition

The most famous use of juxtaposition in literature is the opening paragraph of Charles Dickens’ A Tale Of Two Cities’. Without going into any political or geographical detail, Dickens’ paragraph places the reader right into a location rife with danger, despair, upheaval, and confusion. It puts the reader on the edge of their seat right at the beginning.

“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all gong direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way…”

If you use contrast in terms of phrases, try not to use clichés. Yes, I know Dickens used them in this opening paragraph, but a) he’s Dickens, and b) the way he used them here matters. You’re not Dickens. Try to use unexpected words, Instead of ‘light and dark’ find words that either mean the same thing or evoke the same meaning.

You can also have juxtaposition in the different characters in your book – kind vs cruel, rich vs poor, content vs restless.

In North and South by Elizabeth Gaskel, the contrast between the mill owners and the workers are brilliantly contrasted. We are taken into the world of both by the main protagonist, Margaret Hale. We see them through her eyes. We understand and have empathy for both because we can see both points of view. We want both ‘to win’. It keeps us glued to the book. Glueing your readers is good.

2. Cognitive Dissonance

The act of holding two different thoughts and beliefs as true at the same time. This often leads to inner conflict within the character. ‘She loved him, and yet would die a happy woman if she never saw him again, even though she knew she would long for him every day, miss him sitting across the dinner table each night. No, she hated him, and prayed that he would stay.’

This kind of turmoil will inevitably lead to actions that will drive the dramatic arc of the book’s plot. Shakespeare was a master craftsman at cognitive dissonance – think of Macbeth and his internal struggle against killing his friend vs attainting the throne.

If your character has no cognitive dissonance, he or she is at best a psychopath or at worst, a two-dimensional character.

3. Fish Out Of Water

Being a fish out of water doesn’t necessarily mean the entire person doesn’t belong, it could just mean that the hero would rather no one knew about his heroic deeds. When they are discovered, his discomfort, his fish-out-of-water-ness, is in the acclaim, news interviews, his picture in the paper, etc.

Another fish-out-of-water type would be a character in a time-travel story. Just think of Marty McFly in Back To The Future. A normal, average young man transported from 1985 back to 1955. To the people he encounters there’s something just a little off about him. Not in a bad way, more as if he were a stranger from another country whose experience and knowledge is based on hearsay.

Forest Gump, the titular character from the novel by Winston Groom, could have been on the autism scale. He could either be a ‘fish out of water’ or an ‘odd person out’.

4. Odd Person Out

Legally Blonde is a perfect example of an odd person out. By the end of the film, she may still not be the archetypical lawyer from Harvard, but she has earned her place and stayed true to herself. The odd person out can be a breath of fresh air.

Another ‘odd person out’ is Mr Darcy. While the world around him has more easy manners and interactions, and is prepared to be pleased, Darcy’s upbringing, his family’s expectations of him, his wealth, pride, and shyness, tend to put him on the outside of any circle in which he finds himself. This includes the circles in which he is used to move – mainly because he’s bored to tears of them all. The trouble is, he doesn’t really know how to act in the new circles of Longbourn and Meryton in Pride And Prejudice by Jane Austen.

5. Internal Dichotomies

Inspector Javert, in Les Misérables by Victor Hugo, is a policeman whose passion for the law and justice is turned on its head when Jean Valjean, whom he has hunted for years, shows him mercy instead of killing him. Both are true at the same time – law and mercy. His internal dichotomy is so powerful that he can’t reconcile them and ends his life, Think of Hamlet’s need to keep Ophelia safe from the probable bloodshed in the near future vs his having to resort to breaking her heart to force her to leave. His internal struggle with this makes everyone think him mad.

Internal dichotomies, the internal arguments a character has make them interesting and more human, even if it’s just, ‘I really want chocolate cake, but I’m on diet, but I really want chocolate cake, but the wedding dress is already tight!’

6. Opposites Attract

This is an oft-used trope in novels, especially romance. It really only works in fiction. After all, she wants to go to her family in the country every weekend and he plays tennis at league level at the sports club down the road from their London home. He wants to go clubbing every night and she’s an introvert who is noise sensitive. Somethings got to give, and it’s usually the relationship.

7. Contrasting Descriptions

Cities are replete with juxtaposition – civic buildings vs the dirty alleys. They not only juxtapositions in their looks but even more in their intent and population. In one there is great privilege, wealth, corruption, greed, and racism – a dank alley of human emotions and actions. While in the other there is generosity of spirit, an inclusivity, a kindness, a strength in the despair, a community among the outcast – an invisible palace of goodness. Nothing is as black and white as that; I use these merely as examples.

Another source is the weather. A wonderful event is taking place in your book, a wedding for example, but raging around the church is a violent thunderstorm. A ship could be caught in the doldrums. The sea is as still and silent as a sheet on an unused  bed. But the men on board are slowly going insane from boredom, the heat and the lack of water, despite seeing nothing but water stretching out to the horizon.

What makes contrast in writing exciting and fun is creating something marvellous in words that didn’t exist before.

The Last Word

If you’d like to write for children, young adults, or adults, why not sign up for one of the rich and in-depth courses that Writers Write offers to learn how to write the best book you possibly can.

Elaine Dodge

by Elaine Dodge. Author of The Harcourts of Canada series and The Device Hunter, Elaine trained as a graphic designer, then worked in design, advertising, and broadcast television. She now creates content, mostly in written form, including ghost writing business books, for clients across the globe, but would much rather be drafting her books and short stories.